By Jino Distasio
For most of his life, Murray Barr was an ordinary American until everything changed abruptly when his story of personal tragedy and period of homelessness created a media frenzy. It was in his article, “Million Dollar Murray,” that Malcolm Gladwell turned homelessness into a celebrity cause by illustrating how Barr cost the taxpayers of Reno, Nevada around a million dollars despite not having a permanent home.
Murray’s story shocked many because it seemed unfathomable that homelessness cost money, let alone a million dollars. In reality, this is far from uncommon.
People without a home, and lacking supports for mental illness and addiction, can draw significantly on social services for survival, including shelters, social agencies and hospitals. They also tend to interact more frequently with police, fire and paramedic services – those agencies on the frontlines, dealing with the visible symptoms of homelessness. This all costs money.
In Canada, for persons struggling with homelessness and mental illness, the annual costs are high, a whopping $53,144 per person. This number comes from research published this summer from the At Home Chez Soi (AHCS) project which offers an accurate costing in Canada of those often termed “hard to house.”
The AHCS study assessed the effectiveness of Housing First in five cities — Vancouver, Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal and Moncton. The project was massive, using $110 million dollars to end homelessness by providing housing and key supports delivered by specialized teams with small caseloads. The outcome demonstrated clearly that Housing First is a much more effective model than the current fractured set of supports used to assist persons struggling with mental illness and homelessness, where costs can rapidly escalate – like “Million Dollar Murray.”
The Housing First model saves money by curbing the over consumption of services. Not only did the project prove Housing First effectively ends homelessness for an estimated 15 per cent of the homeless population struggling with mental illness, it concluded that Housing First can offset much of the $53,000 per person cost of doing nothing or relying too heavily on the current system.
It is important to note that the average cost of homelessness ranged from just a just over $29,000 in Moncton to a high of $59,000 in Toronto (Vancouver fell in the middle at $53,000, while Winnipeg and Montreal sat at $45,500 and $53,000 respectively). The recent research also highlights a tremendous range when looking at the highest users of services, which varied from just over $15,000 to a staggering $340,000 per person per year for the highest consumers.
Why does it cost so much to be homeless?
Not surprisingly, the biggest allocation in each city was the provision of health-related services, with 48 per cent of Vancouver’s costs going toward health. Both Montreal and Toronto had just over 40 per cent directed to health services, including substance use treatment, emergency room visits and psychiatric services.
The second largest cost was related to legal issues, including incarceration, police interaction and court appearances. This translated into a high of 25 per cent in Toronto or nearly $15,000 per person. The other cities ranged from 15 per cent to closer to 20 per cent.
A third key area was the cost of shelters and supported housing. Again, there was a range with Montreal hitting close to 18 per cent while the other cities hovered between 10 per cent in Winnipeg to about 14 per cent in Toronto.
The variations among cities tell us that each has a unique set of factors that must be addressed with local solutions and plans. But the overall pattern of spending and need is clear: health, legal issues and shelters cost money.
Homelessness is not free – it’s costly.
So, what does Housing First cost? For the highest need users, the Housing First model costs $22,257 while those with more moderate needs cost $14,177 per year.
Those working on local plans to end homelessness have been waiting patiently on the federal government for the promised National Housing Strategy – with hopes that their efforts will be supported. The national strategy should also be coordinated with provincial and municipal frameworks so that all three levels of government and community agencies and non-profits are working together.
We need the broadest system alignment to deal effectively with the complex needs of persons struggling with homelessness. Not only does it save money, it’s the right thing to do.
Ending homeless is complex and what the research tells us is that we need to address the underlying health and socio-economic circumstances of those transitioning from homelessness. There is real hope for success if we can provide access to the right set of services using a Housing First approach. Only then can we reduce the heavy economic burden of homelessness.
Jino Distasio is an expert advisor with EvidenceNetwork.ca, an Associate Professor of Geography at the University of Winnipeg and Director of the Institute of Urban Studies. He was the Principal Investigator for the Winnipeg site of At Home Chez Soi while also serving on the National Planning team for the overall project from 2008-2016.
