Above: Sand column used in Phase I of Cole Van De Ven’s experiments.
By McKenzie Prillaman
Pollution often conjures images of smokestacks rising into the sky or dirty water flowing down a stream. But what about the pollution beneath our feet — the contamination moving among particles of soil or between grains of sand?
Artist and software developer Owen Fernley brings this often unspoken underground contamination to life with his work Between the Sand. This online interactive artwork shows how gas moves between grains of sand below the surface. Once the viewer opens Between the Sand and clicks on the virtually generated sand grains on the screen, gaseous contamination begins to move through them. The movement of the gas through the sand follows the Invasion Percolation model, an algorithm used in environmental engineering research and known for following predetermined pathways. Therefore, this mesmerizing work serves as a valuable educational tool.
Between the Sand is the final creation from Fernley’s two-week-long Science Artist Residency, a program facilitated by the Canadian not-for-profit Art the Science. It is designed to immerse an artist in scientific research (Phase I), showcase the artwork inspired by the residency to the local community (Phase II), and share a globally available version of the work online via Art the Science’s digital Polyfield Gallery (Phase III).
Phase I occurred March 19–30, 2018, when Fernley spent his days engrossed in the work of Dr. Kevin Mumford’s environmental engineering laboratory at Queen’s University. The research group studies the movement of liquids and gases in the porous underground. Specifically, the team investigates how hazardous chemicals move below the surface and how to remediate contaminated sites.
After entering the lab, Fernley quickly learned about the well-tested and extensively used Invasion Percolation algorithm. Some of the group’s research focused on exploring its limitations. “I had to drop my expectations; learning about this algorithm and some of the other modelling challenges the research group faced was even better than building an algorithm from scratch,” recalls Fernley. “For the first few days, I mainly tried to follow the breadth of research the group was working on. There was a lot to take in, and I became a student by necessity.”
After speaking with multiple researchers in the lab, one graduate student’s project caught his eye. Cole Van De Ven, now a postdoctoral fellow at the University of British Columbia, was conducting experiments to understand how a gas leak’s speed affects its movement underground.
The setup, which looks much like an ant farm, involved injecting gas into a thin layer of sand saturated with water and compressed between two glass plates. As the gas seeped through the space between the sand grains, intricate branching patterns emerged. “The experiments were visually beautiful, and I found myself genuinely interested in them,” Fernley says.
And thus, the seed for Between the Sand was planted in his mind.
By the end of his residency, Fernley decided to build a program that resembled Van De Ven’s experiments as closely as possible. Initially, he created a coded version of his observations by digitally replicating the sand’s colour and distribution within the glass-walled experiments. He first used circles to represent the sand grains, but he later swapped them out for actual images that he captured during the residency using the lab’s microscope.
“It wasn’t until I was playing with the positions of each sand grain that I noticed how the space between the grains shifted in fascinating new ways with every new arrangement,” Fernley says. As he rearranged the grains, new pathways between them emerged and old pathways disappeared. He realized that the empty space surrounding the grains was responsible for driving the contamination patterns he observed.
With this understanding in mind, Fernley began chasing the empty space between the sand. Although he could not replicate the complex physics of Van De Ven’s experiments, he dedicated himself to using creative coding as an approximation to better understand the Invasion Percolation algorithm.
Creative coding, according to Fernley, is “programming software for no other purpose than to program software.” Essentially, it’s experimenting in a digital setting. “As an analogy, take baking, not because you’re interested in making something people can eat, but because you’re interested in what might happen if you double the baking powder and add paprika,” Fernley explains. “The nice thing about software is you don’t have to throw out your failed experiments; you can just pick up wherever you last saved.”
Determining the empty space for the maze was no longer in the realm of creative coding; it required specific calculations. To do this, Fernley placed a grid of squares smaller than the sand grains under his digital display of sand. Imagine an expansive checkerboard with thousands of giant checkers spilled on top. He then measured the distances between the centre of each square and the centre of the nearest sand grain to determine which squares fell under the grains and which fell outside. The Invasion Percolation algorithm could now use the pathways between the grains’ positions as its maze to figure out where the contamination would travel.
“It’s never easy trying to make something complicated look smooth and unassuming,” Fernley admits.
Art the Science’s pilot immersive residency program culminated in Between the Sand, a visually stunning work of creative coding. However, not only does this work please the eye; it also tells a valuable story about environmental contamination, making this interactive artwork a mesmerizing learning tool.
After launching Between the Sand, viewers can take control of their own journey through the contamination process. After initiating the artwork by clicking anywhere on the sand-filled screen, a dark pattern representing gas slowly permeates throughout the sand grains following the Invasion Percolation algorithm until all the space is filled. By clicking the “EXPLORE” tab in the upper left corner, viewers can access controls that influence the pattern’s speed and direction. Adjusting variables, including flow direction, pressure, and diffusion, show viewers how these factors impact the contamination pattern in real time. These variables are just a few that the Mumford group takes into account in its research endeavours. Other settings are available to help viewers understand the inner workings of Between the Sand, such as seeing the measurements used to map the contamination pathways.
First showcased in 2019 as an exhibition at the Modern Fuel Artist-Run Centre for Phase II of the residency, the artwork initially engaged the local community in research undertaken by scientists within that community. Now, Fernley has developed a version of Between the Sand for Phase III — a digital form shared globally via Art the Science’s online Polyfield Gallery.
“I am hoping that anyone who sees the work will have the same sensation I had when I observed the experiment in real life, and in seeing this, appreciate how contamination moves underground,” Fernley says.
“In the end, I am hoping the work is relaxing and visually interesting, but also shows you a flow pattern that we don’t see in the open air or even under water.”
About Art the Science
Art the Science is a Canadian not-for-profit organization committed to celebrating the connections between art and science. Art the Science facilitates cross-disciplinary relationships between artists and scientists with a goal of fostering Canadian science-art culture. In doing so, the organization aims to advance scientific knowledge communication to benefit the public, while providing opportunities for artists to exhibit their work in unconventional and technologically innovative ways.
About Owen Fernley
Owen Fernley is a software engineer and creative coder who builds applications and interactive experiences for the web. His background is in both research geophysics and experimental music, where he has built compute engines to calculate electromagnetic fields, and explored the capabilities of browser-based music visualization and data sonification. His projects involve collecting and processing data with tools such as node.js and python, and visualizing this data with d3.js, canvas and three.js. His work aims to balance stories with technology to create engaging learning experiences and timebased art.
About Kevin Mumford
Dr. Kevin Mumford is an Environmental Engineer and Associate Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Queen’s University. His research group works with academic and industry partners to improve our understanding of how fluids move and interact in subsurface environments. This includes research to understand the transport of contaminants in groundwater and develop clean-up technologies for contaminated sites, as well as to understand the migration of subsurface gases and their potential impacts on groundwater quality and contributions to climate change, to better protect and manage groundwater resources.
About Cole Van De Ven
Dr. Cole Van De Ven received his Ph.D. in Environmental Engineering from Queen’s University in 2019 and is now a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of British Columbia. His research focuses on studying the movement and fate of geo-environmental greenhouse gases in the critical zone (tops of trees to the bottom of groundwater aquifers). The work he does is intended to reduce climate change impacts as a result of greenhouse gases from the subsurface and to safeguard vital groundwater resources.
